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Constitution Revolution

Having been ruled by autocratic monarchy for centuries, Iranian people began to feel the need for a democratic society in which not just a single ruler decides and dominates the whole country. This mindset created an unprecedented space, which led to the constitution revolution and the establishment of parliament during Qajar dynasty between 1905 and 1911. T

Background

Constitution Revolution 1

Qajar kings' inefficiency and extravagance paved the way for foreign powers to gain many assets in Iran and dominate the country, an event that caused the aristocracy, religious authorities and educated elites to demand a restriction on royal authority to restore the country. Qajar kings took exorbitant loans from Russia and Britain to finance their royal tours to Europe; as a result, they granted some assets to repay their loans.

One protest against monarchy occurred when Nasir al-Din Shah granted the control over growth, sale and export of tobacco to a British company, an asset that led to Iranian merchants' protests against royal decree and abolition of this concession.

The other asset granted by Qajar kings to Russia happened in Mozaffar al-Din Shah's period when he granted a concession to a Russian company by which Russians took over the customs houses in north of Iran and imposed tariffs. This event resulted in protests by merchants and they took sanctuary at a shrine outside Tehran.

 

Constitution Revolution3

 

In the same year, Sugar became both scarce and expensive due to some foreign affairs. To control the situation, an official in Tehran bastinadoed some merchants, which led to the merchant's rebel. They closed the bazaar and joined the other merchants in the sanctuary.

Having been under tremendous pressure, Shah yielded to the revolutionary forces, as a result of which his power was limited and he agreed to transfer the power to a "house of justice", a pioneer of parliament in Iran, but Shah died four days after signing the constitution.

He was succeeded by his son Mohammad Ali Shah who couldn't accept his power being contingent on the will of people, so he bombarded  the Persian parliament with the assistance of Russian forces and abolished Majlis. Revolutionary forces ousted him, he took refuge in Russian embassy, and the parliament voted his son as the king.Constitution revolution occurred as a result of people's increasing awareness about their rights as citizens; an event that changed the country dramatically.

 

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